Enforcement of international human rights law in the Muslim world: A conundrum of paradoxes
Keywords:
International Human Rights Law, Islamic Rights, UN Sponsored Human Rights, Shariah Law, Economic HistoryAbstract
International human rights law is considered as the foundation of human rights available universally to every human being both at international level, and national level via the states’ constitutions. However, the legacy of Islamic rights is rich in comparison to UN sponsored human rights. The compatibility between the two—Islamic and international human rights law—often faces paradoxes while implementing the rights in Islamic states. Shariah law, which is frequently viewed as being in opposition to international legal norms, is enforced by several Islamic regimes. The legitimacy and legacy of Islamic human rights are sometimes questioned in light of this perceived conflict. But when properly comprehended, Islamic teachings provide a thorough framework aimed at eradicating discrimination on all fronts. In order to demonstrate the rich history of Islamic rights and their conformity with international human rights law, this study utilizes a qualitative method. Islamic ideology, it is argued, is a comprehensive system that cannot be properly comprehended or applied in its component parts.
Downloads
References
An-Na’im, A., & Baderin, edited by M. A. (2017). Islam and Human Rights: Selected Essays of Abdullahi An-Na’im. Routledge.
Ardıc̦, N. (2012). Islam and the Politics of Secularism: The Caliphate and Middle Eastern Modernization in the Early 20th Century. Routledge.
Asiya, S., & Samiullah, Dr. M. (2020). Impact of the Contextual Approach on the qur’anic interpretations. Jihat-Ul-Islam, 14(01), 5–6.
Copson, A. (2019). Secularism. Oxford University Press.
Dalacoura, K. (2007). Islam, Liberalism and Human Rights. I.B.Tauris.
Democracy. (2015, November 20). https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/democracy/index.html
Engineer, A. (2008). The Rights of Women in Islam. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
Fegiery, M. E. (2016). Islamic Law and Human Rights: The Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Hamid, J. A. (2011). Human Rights in Islam and Contemporary International Law. Sharia Academy, International Islamic University.
Hamidullah, D. M. (2007). Khutbat e Bahawalpur | خطبات بہاولپور. ادارہ تحقیقات اسلامی.
Hudud—كتاب الحدود—Sunnah.com—Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم). (n.d.-a). Retrieved March 7, 2021, from https://sunnah.com/urn/2115070
Hudud—كتاب الحدود—Sunnah.com—Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم). (n.d.-b). Retrieved March 7, 2021, from https://sunnah.com/urn/2115080
Jami` at-Tirmidhi 1919—Chapters on Righteousness and Maintaining Good Relations with Relatives—كتاب البر والصلة عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم—Sunnah.com—Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم). (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2021, from https://sunnah.com/tirmidhi:1919.: https://doi.org/10.58564/ma.v14i34.1269
Kelsay, J. (1988). “Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights” in Human Rights and the Conflict of Cultures: Western and Islamic Perspectives on Religious Liberty. South California Press.
Khadduri, M. (1984). The Islamic Conception of Justice. Jhu Press.
Laponce, J. A. (1962). International Protection of Human Rights. By Manouchehr Ganji, (Geneva: Droz, 1962, pp. xvi, 317.). American Political Science Review, 56(4), 1035–1036.
Losonczi, P., & Herck, W. V. (2017). Secularism, Religion, and Politics: India and Europe. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315661872
Mawdudi, A. A. (n.d.). Human Rights in Islam [Mawdudi]. IslamKotob.
Na’im, A. A. A. (1996). Toward an Islamic Reformation: Civil Liberties, Human Rights, and International Law. Syracuse University Press.
Naim, A. A. A., An-Náim, A. A., Na, A. A. A.-N., & Naʻīm, ʻAbd Allāh Aḥmad. (2008). Islam and the Secular State. Harvard University Press.
Nyazee, I. A. (2003). Islamic Law and Human Rights (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. ID 2407010). Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2407010
Nyazee, I. A. K. (1996). Theories of Islamic Law. Adam Publishers & Distributors.
Nyazee, I. A. K. (1998). Outlines of Islamic Jurisprudence. Lulu.com.
Otto, J. M. (Ed.). (2011). Sharia Incorporated: A Comparative Overview of the Legal Systems of Twelve Muslim Countries in Past and Present. Leiden University Press.
Saeed, A. (2006). Interpreting the Qurʼān: Towards a Contemporary Approach. Taylor & Francis.
Saeed, A. (2008). The Qur’an: An Introduction. Routledge.
Saeed, A. (2018). Human Rights and Islam: An Introduction to Key Debates between Islamic Law and International Human Rights Law. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Sahih al-Bukhari 1365—Funerals (Al-Janaa’iz)—كتاب الجنائز—Sunnah.com—Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم). (n.d.). Retrieved March 7, 2021, from https://sunnah.com/bukhari:1365
Sahih al-Bukhari 5174—Wedlock, Marriage (Nikaah)—كتاب النكاح—Sunnah.com—Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم). (n.d.). Retrieved March 8, 2021, from https://sunnah.com/bukhari:5174
Sahih al-Bukhari 6516—To make the Heart Tender (Ar-Riqaq)—كتاب الرقاق—Sunnah.com—Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم). (n.d.). Retrieved March 8, 2021, from https://sunnah.com/bukhari:6516
Sahih Muslim 2548b—The Book of Virtue, Enjoining Good Manners, and Joining of the Ties of Kinship—كتاب البر والصلة والآداب—Sunnah.com—Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم). (n.d.). Retrieved March 8, 2021, from https://sunnah.com/muslim:2548b
Sookhdeo, P. (2006). Issues of Interpreting the Koran and Hadith. Connections, 5(3), 57–82.
Sunan Abi Dawud 3592—The Office of the Judge (Kitab Al-Aqdiyah)—Sunnah.com—Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم). (n.d.). Retrieved February 25, 2021, from https://sunnah.com/abudawud:3592
Sunan Ibn Majah 3658—Etiquette—كتاب الأدب—Sunnah.com—Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم). (n.d.). Retrieved March 8, 2021, from https://sunnah.com/ibnmajah:3658
Tomaszewska, A., & Hämäläinen, H. (2017). The Sources of Secularism: Enlightenment and Beyond. Springer.
Voinea, N. (n.d.). Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights [Travaux préparatoires]. United Nations. Dag Hammarskjöld Library. Retrieved September 15, 2020, from https://research.un.org/en/undhr/ga/thirdcommittee
Weiss, B. G. (2006). The Spirit of Islamic Law. University of Georgia Press.
Yahaya Aminu, Dr. M. (2015). Illegitimate Child (Walad Al-Zina) And His position in Islamic Succession. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (Iosr-Jhss), 20(12), 25–27.
Zayd, N. A., Amirpur, K., Setiawan, M. N. K., Wetenschappelijke Raad voor het Regeringsbeleid, & Scientific council for government policy. (2006). selected thinkers on islam, sharia, democracy and human rights. in reformation of islamic thought (pp. 83–100). amsterdam university press; jstor. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46mt56.9
احمد, پ. ق. م. (2001). اسلام اور اجتہاد. مکتبہ قدوسیہ، موٹروے پریس.
القادری, ڈ. م. ط. (2004). اسلام میں انسانی حقوق. منہاج القرآن پبلیکیشنز.
القرضاوی, ی., & صدیقی, م. س. ا. ص. (1997). اسلام اور سیکولر ازم. عالمی ادارہ فکر اسلامی، مطبع ادارہ تحقیقات اسلامی. Doi: https://doi.org/10.52541/fn.v47i2.3977
الواسع, پ. ا., & اختر ندوی, م. ف. (2011). فقہ اسلامی تعارف اور تاریخ. مکتبہ قاسم العلوم، گنج شکر پریس.
امین, ڈ. م. (2006). اسلام اور تہذیب مغرب کی کشمکش. موٹر وے پریس لاہور باہتمام بیت الحکمت.
غازی, ڈ. م. ا. (2005). محاضرات فقہ. الفیصل ناشران.
مدنی, ح. ع. ا. (2005). پارلیمنٹ اور تعبیر شریعت. مجلس التحقیق الاسلامی، احد پرنٹنگ پریس.
Downloads
Published
Data Availability Statement
Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Syed Muhammad Farrukh Bukhari , Dr. Syed Murad Ali Shah, Khawaja Noor Ul Ain (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
.png)
