Hydration and Oral Health: A Five-Year Study on Beverage Consumption and Dental Outcomes Across Public Tertiary Care Hospitals and Private Clinics in Pakistan

Abstract

To evaluate the association between beverage consumption and oral health outcomes in patients attending public tertiary care hospitals and private clinics across Pakistan’s provinces, with a focus on socioeconomic influences. A prospective cohort study (2020–2025) was conducted at public tertiary care hospitals and private clinics in Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Balochistan, and federally administered areas, involving 1,000 participants (600 males, 400 females, aged 12–80 years). Beverage intake was assessed via validated dietary questionnaires, and oral health outcomes (dental caries, periodontal disease) were evaluated through clinical examinations. Chi-square tests and logistic regression analyzed data. Dental caries affected 65% of participants, with higher prevalence in males (70% vs. 58%, p<0.01) and public hospital patients (68% vs. 60%, p<0.05). Daily sugary beverage consumption (55% of participants) increased caries risk by 1.5 times (OR=1.50, 95% CI: 1.20–1.88, p<0.01). Tap water consumption was protective (OR=0.65, 95% CI: 0.50–0.85, p<0.05). Socioeconomic factors, including income and education, influenced outcomes. Sugary beverages elevate caries risk, particularly among lower-income public hospital patients, while tap water supports oral health. Interventions addressing socioeconomic disparities are needed